In vitro tests are needed to understand the efficacy of the CRISPR-Cas9 activity in genetically-variable populations, at non-target sites within the genome, as well as against related, non-target species. Detailed knowledge of target genes and their variation within native and introduced range populations are essential to predict resistance development and the usefulness or efficacy of gene drives. Understanding gene drive efficacy and the risks they pose is critical information required to provide an informed global debate and discussion. Others recognise that issues such as genetic variation within a pest population might render gene drives ineffective 8, 9, or that gene drives could lead to unwanted global extinction of a species if the modified organism spreads widely 10. Some researchers highlight the possibility that gene drives could revolutionize pest control, making cost-effective eradication from islands or continents achievable 3, 6, 7. ![]() ![]() This technology could be used to spread genetic variants through a population 5. A CRISPR-Cas9-generated double strand break can be repaired via homology-directed repair with a sequence with complementarity to the damaged region, converting heterozygous individuals for the mutation into homozygotes. CRISPR-Cas9 is an endo-nuclease system that will produce a targeted double-strand break in a DNA sequence based on complementarity to a guide RNA (gRNA) homing segment of ~ 20-bp 4. This technology provides an ability to disperse genetically engineered or altered genes throughout pest populations with much higher efficiency and prevalence than would be possible via normal genetic inheritance, even with genetic modifications that are deleterious for individuals and populations. Our results indicate that gene drives may offer viable suppression for wasps and other haplodiploid pests.ĬRISPR gene drives have been widely proposed as a promising potential technology for pest control or even eradication 1– 3. There was a trade-off between drive infiltration and impact: a drive causing complete male sterility would not spread, while partial sterility could be effective in limiting population size if the homing rate is high. ![]() Mathematical modelling incorporating the genetic and life history traits of Vespula wasps identified characteristics for a male sterility drive to achieve population control. In vitro testing showed guide-RNA target specificity and efficacy that was dependent on the gene target within Vespula, but no cross-reactivity in other Hymenoptera. ![]() We show that different spermatogenesis genes have different levels of variation between introduced and native ranges, enabling a potential ‘precision drive’ that could target the reduced genetic diversity and genotypes within the invaded range. Their life cycle makes gene drive production challenging, as nests are initiated by single fertilized queens in spring followed by several cohorts of sterile female workers and the production of reproductives in autumn. We examined a potential gene drive targeting spermatogenesis to control the invasive common wasp ( Vespula vulgaris) in New Zealand. CRISPR gene drives have potential for widespread and cost-efficient pest control, but are highly controversial.
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